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Moscovian (Carboniferous)
The Moscovian is in the ICS geologic timescale a stage or age in the Pennsylvanian, the youngest subsystem of the Carboniferous. The Moscovian age lasted from to Ma,〔Gradstein ''et al.'' (2004)〕 is preceded by the Bashkirian and is followed by the Kasimovian. The Moscovian overlaps with the European regional Westphalian stage and the North American Atokan and Desmoinesian stages.
==Name and definition==
The Moscovian stage was introduced by Sergei Nikitin (1850 - 1909) in 1890, using brachiopods in the Moscow Basin of European Russia. Nikitin named the stage after Moscow, then a major city and now the capital of Russia.
The base of the Moscovian is close to the first appearances of the conodonts ''Declinognathodus donetzianus'' and ''Idiognathoides postsulcatus''〔Nemyrovska (1999)〕 or otherwise the fusulinid ''Aljutovella aljutovica''.〔For example by Solovieva (1986)〕 Because the fusulinid species are regionally different, they can not be used for worldwide correlation. A golden spike for the Moscovian stage has yet to be defined (2008). A proposal is to use the first appearance of the conodont ''Diplognathodus ellesmerensis'', but since the species is rare and its evolution relatively unknown, it has not been accepted yet.〔See (this ) report by the taskforce to establish a Bashkirian-Moscovian boundary (Groves ''et al.'' (2008))〕
The top of the Moscovian (base of the Kasimovian) is at the base of the fusulinid biozone of ''Obsoletes obsoletes'' and ''Protriticites pseudomontiparus'', or with the first appearance of the ammonite genus ''Parashumardites''.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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